Mining 1–450: leveling up (WotLK)

How to quickly get Mining to 450 on WotLK 3.3.5a: ore by zone and why it is the foundation of Blacksmithing/Engineering/Jewelry.
Briefly
The miner extracts ore and stone, gives Toughness (+ stamina) and smelts ingots. Without it, expensive professions are ruinous.
Leveling up by segments and zones
1–65
- Copper - starting zones.
65–125
- Tin, Silver - Steppes/Ash Forest.
125–175
- Iron, Gold - Highlands/Stronglethorn.
175–250
- Mithril, Truesilver - Blasted Lands/Wastes.
250–300
- Thorium - Un'Goro/Burning Steppes.
300–375
- Fel Iron, Adamantite, Khorium - Outland (Zangar, Nagrand).
375–450
- Cobalt (Boreas), Saronite (Dragonblight, Zul'Drak), Titanium (rare) - Northrend.
Tips
- Smelt ore only for the required profession - otherwise you will lose material.
- Titanium goes for everything expensive: sell carefully, watch the price.
Summary
Mining pays for itself and feeds other “craft” professions.